302HQ VS 304 Edelstahl

302HQ stainless steel is a standard material specifically used in the manufacture of self-tapping screws and light mechanical screws. It is also used in bolts, setting screws, rivets, and special fasteners. The name 302HQ is not standardized. The ASTM lists it as UNS S30430, which also includes “XM-7”, “304CU”, and “304HQ”. It has now completely replaced 384 and 305 steel for cold heading purpose. ISO 3506, Standard specification for stainless steel fasteners, 302HQ as an eligible component for class “A2” fasteners; It is commonly used to manufacture fasteners in the A2-70 and A2-80 strength. The stable austenitic structure enables 302HQ to be non-magnetic even after extensive cold working and to maintain excellent toughness at temperatures as low as freezing. Compared with 304 stainless steel, the addition of 3% copper in 302HQ can significantly reduce the cold work hardening rate. The chemical composition and physical properties are shown below:

 

Equivalent Material

Noten UNS No DIN EN JIS
302HQ S30430 1.4567 X3CrNiCu18-9-4 SUSXM7

 

Chemical Composition (ASTM A493 S30430)

Noten C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni Cu
302HQ 0.03 2.00 1.00 0.045 0.03 17.0-19.0 / 8.0-10.0 3.0-4.0

 

Mechanical Property

302HQ tensile strength: Annealing: 605, Mild drawing: 660

Density: 7900kg/㎡

Elasticity modulus:193Gpa

Average coefficient of thermal expansion: 0-100℃ (um/m/℃) 17.2; 0-315℃ (um/m/℃); 0-538 ℃ (18.8)

Thermal conductivity: 100℃ (W/ M. K) 16.3; 500℃ (W/ M. K) 21.5

Specific heat: 0-100℃ (J/ kg.K) 500;

Resistance: 720

 

Corrosion resistance

Its corrosion resistance is equivalent to or superior to 304 stainless steel. Pitting and crevice corrosion is easy to occur in the warm chloride environment, and stress corrosion cracking is sensitive when the temperature is higher than about 50°C. 302HQ can withstand about 200mg/L chloride in drinking water at room temperature and 150mg/L at 60℃.

 

Heat Resistant Performance

Good oxidation resistance, intermittent use temperature up to 870°C, continuous use temperature up to 925°C. Because of the low carbon content of 302HQ, it is safe for continuous use (no carbide precipitation) ranges from 425 to 860°C.

 

Heat Treatment

Solution treatment (annealing) is heated to 1010-1120°C and rapidly cooled. Heat treatment will not harden it.

 

Weldability

Excellent weldability, all standard fusion welding methods (whether or not they contain filler metal) can be used. Use a 308L electrode. Welding is generally not required except in the manufacture of stud welded fasteners, where resistance butt welding is used to join wires together.

 

Processing 

The 302HQ is rarely machined. The grade has a very low sulfur content, which helps its formability but reduces its machinability. The Improved 302HQ (UGIMA 4567) has very high machinability, slightly higher sulfur content, and is also calcium treated for use requiring extensive cold forming and machining operations on the 18/8 steel.

 

Cold Work Hardening

302HQ is the lowest work hardening rate among the common grades of austenitic stainless steels. According to the wire drawing data, the tensile strength increases by 8MPa when the cold-working area decreases by 1%). Even after extensive cold work, the brand remains essentially unresponsive to magnets. Some high strength cold heading fasteners require a slightly higher work hardening rate, so 304 or 304L (or special grade 304M) should be used instead of 302HQ; The work hardening rate of these grades is about 10-12.5MPa.

 

Typical Applications

All harsh cold heading applications, including self-tapping screws, roof bolts, mechanical screws, bolts, set screws, blind rivets, etc.

Edelstahl 321 VS 347

Die Eigenschaften von Edelstahl 321 und Edelstahl 347 sind in den meisten Fällen ähnlich. Der Edelstahl 321 ist eine Art Titan – die Stabilisierung des austenitischen Stahls 18/8 (304). Eine kleine Menge von Titan sorgt für eine Korngröße im Bereich der Karbid-Fällungstemperatur, das heißt 425–850 °C. Nach dem Erhitzen tritt keine interkristalline Korrosion auf, und er weist eine gute Festigkeit und Beständigkeit gegen Oxidation und wässrige Korrosion auf.

Die 321H ist eine Hochkohlenstoffversion der 321 mit höherer Hochtemperaturfestigkeit und wird hauptsächlich für Hochtemperaturanwendungen bei Temperaturen um 900 °C eingesetzt. Der Nachteil von 321 ist, dass Titan eine schlechte Schweißstromübergangsfähigkeit aufweist, weshalb er nicht als Schweißmaterial verwendet werden kann. 347 enthält hingegen Niob und spielt dabei die Rolle der Karbidstabilisierung und kann ebenfalls über den Schweißstrom übertragen werden. 347 ist der Standardschweißstoff für die Schweißung von rostfreiem Stahl 321 und wird gelegentlich als Grundmetall verwendet. Sehen Sie sich die chemischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften unten an:

 

Vergleich der chemischen Zusammensetzung

Noten C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Mo N Andere
321 0.08 2.00 0.75 0.045 0.03 17.0-19.0 9.0-12.0 / 0.1 Ti = 5(C + N)0,7
347 0.08 2.00 0.75 0.045 0.03 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 / / Nb = 10(C + N) 1,0

Wir sehen, dass der Unterschied zwischen ihnen durch die Zugabe von Ti und Nb entsteht. Aufgrund der Zugabe des stabilisierten Elements Titan kann der 321 bei Temperaturen von 426 bis 815 °C gegen die Bildung von Chromkarbid resistieren, weshalb er eine hervorragende Interkristallkorrosionsbeständigkeit sowie hohe Temperaturbeständigkeit aufweist und höhere Reibungs- und Spannbruchfestigkeiten als 304 und 304L aufweist. Darüber hinaus weist der 321 auch eine gute niedrige Temperaturfestigkeit sowie hervorragende Formbarkeit und Schweißverarbeitungscharakteristika auf, ohne nach dem Schweißen zu annehen.

347 Edelstahl ist ein austenitischer Edelstahl mit Niobanteil und 347H ist die Hochkohlenstoffversion. 347 kann als Niobium-haltige Variante auf Basis von 304 betrachtet werden. Niob, ein seltener Erdenmetall, wirkt ähnlich wie Titan bei der Verfeinerung von Korngrößen, widersteht interkörniger Korrosion und fördert die Alterungshärtung.

 

Vergleich der physikalischen Eigenschaften

Noten Dehnfestigkeit, MPa Zugfestigkeit, MPa Verlängerung (50 mm) Härte, HB
321 515 205 40 217
347 515 205 40 201

 

Typische Anwendungen

Edelstahl 347&347H weist eine bessere Hochtemperaturbeständigkeit als 304 und 321 auf. Er wird in der Luftfahrt, in der Petrochemie, in der Lebensmittelindustrie, in der Papierherstellung und in anderen Branchen wie Abgaskanalen und Nebenrohren von Flugmotoren, in Heißgasleitungen von Turbomaschinen und in Teilen, die bei niedriger Last und Temperaturen unter 850 °C arbeiten, weit verbreitet.

Durch die Zugabe von Titan an 321 wird es für Anwendungen mit hohen Temperaturen und guter Korrosionsbeständigkeit geeigneter. Es eignet sich für 304-sensibilisierte und 304L-Anwendungen mit unzureichender Hitzebeständigkeit. Typische Anwendungen sind thermische Dehnungsanschlüsse, Balgen, Komponenten des Abgassystems von Flugzeugen, Hitzeschutzhülsen für Heizelemente, Ofenkomponenten und Wärmetauscher.

Was ist 18Ni-Maragingstahl?

Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Stahllegierungen 316L und 904L?

Commonly known as “medical-grade steel”, 316L stainless steel is not only used to make jewelry and medical scalpels due to its low allergenic properties but also used by watch manufacturing companies to make watchbands. 904L stainless steel is Austenitic stainless steel made by Outokumpu Company in Finland based on 316L stainless steel, is a super Austenite with low carbon content and high alloying designed for corrosive environments such as dilute sulfuric acid.

904L stainless steel increases the content of chromium, nickel and molybdenum and adds a certain amount of copper, which will bring about a change in performance, making 904L stainless steel more wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant, but at the same time, there is not much difference between the two in hardness, let’s show their difference with the table below:

Noten C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo P S Cu
316L ≤0.03 ≤0.1 ≤0.2 16-18 10-14 2-3 ≤0.04 ≤0.03 /
904L ≤0.02 ≤0.1 ≤0.2 19-23 23-28 4-5 ≤0.04 ≤0.03 1-2

 

It is not difficult to see that 904L alloy elements chromium, nickel, molybdenum is more than 1.6 times of 316L stainless steel, 1%-2% copper makes 904L stainless steel has stronger corrosion resistance and wear resistance than 316L stainless steel. The 904 has a lower carbon content (C), so the polished 904L steel pipe or sheet steel has a better surface, and the same volume of 904L stainless steel is much heavier than the 316L stainless steel. Their Rockwell strength (HRB) is less than 95, and the strength is almost 490MPa. So it is completely wrong to say that 904L stainless steel is harder than 316L stainless steel.

Rolex was the first company to put 904L into watch manufacturing. In 1985, Rolex produced the watch case made of 904L steel replaced 316L steel. 904L steel contains more chromium, which helps to form a corrosion-resistant coating on the surface of metal materials. And “anti-corrosion” is also the benefit of the Rolex watches we often mention, but here “anti-corrosion” does not have any practical significance, because 316L steel has been completely enough daily corrosion. 904L steel is indeed better in corrosion resistance than 316L steel, but it does not mean that 316L steel is not good. For consumers, as a watch case material,  904L steel’s “propaganda” effect is better than the actual role of “anti-corrosion” itself.

Not just in the watch industry, chemical fields shows more advantages., 904L offers better corrosion resistance than 316L and even 317L. The addition of 1.5% copper has excellent corrosion resistance to reducing acids such as sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, and also has excellent intergranular corrosion resistance to stress corrosion, pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion caused by chloride ion. In the concentration range of 0-98% pure sulfuric acid, 904L can be used at temperatures up to 40 ℃. Of all the phosphoric acids, 904L is more resistant to corrosion than ordinary stainless steel. Ordinary Austenitic stainless steels may be sensitive to stress corrosion at temperatures above 60℃ in a chloride-rich environment, and this sensitivity can be reduced by increasing the nickel content of the stainless steels. Due to its high nickel content, 904L is highly resistant to stress corrosion cracking in chloride solutions, concentrated hydroxide solutions, and hydrogen sulfide-rich environments.