{"id":2248,"date":"2021-08-09T13:45:34","date_gmt":"2021-08-09T13:45:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/?p=2248"},"modified":"2021-08-09T13:46:53","modified_gmt":"2021-08-09T13:46:53","slug":"how-the-alloying-element-affect-the-stainless-steel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/how-the-alloying-element-affect-the-stainless-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 l\u00fd, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p. Crom, molypden, niken v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng austenit v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eaft, cacbon v\u00e0 nit\u01a1 n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed m\u1ea1ng (v\u1ecb tr\u00ed khe h\u1edf) do th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf , t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3, do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng sau:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Cr<\/strong><\/p>\n

Crom l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim l\u00e0m cho th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u201ckh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t\u201d. C\u1ea7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10,5% crom \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9. M\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i dung d\u1ecbch axit v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khi \u0103n m\u00f2n kh\u00ed \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 10,5%, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom trong 304<\/a> th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 l\u00e0 18%, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic cao c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom cao t\u1eeb 20% \u0111\u1ebfn 28%.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ni<\/strong><\/p>\n

Niken c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh pha Austenitic. 8%Ni t\u1ea1o ra th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 304<\/a>, mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a austenite. Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenit hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao ch\u1ee9a n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 crom v\u00e0 molypden cao, v\u00e0 niken \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac austenit khi th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u crom ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ferit kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u00e9p. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac austenite c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1edfi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng niken kho\u1ea3ng 20%, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng g\u00e3y \u0103n m\u00f2n do \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Niken c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed9i, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o s\u00e2u, k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng niken cao.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u01a1<\/strong><\/p>\n

Molypden c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n r\u1ed7 v\u00e0 k\u1ebd h\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa molypden v\u00e0 crom, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nit\u01a1, l\u00e0m cho th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenit hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1edf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Mo c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eed nh\u01b0 axit clohydric v\u00e0 axit sunfuric lo\u00e3ng. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng molypden t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2%, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 316. Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p kim cao nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a t\u1edbi 7,5% molypden. Molypden g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh pha Ferrite v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha. N\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 pha th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c oxit \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a molypden.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C<\/strong><\/p>\n

Carbon \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng pha Austenitic. Carbon l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p h\u00e0n (304L<\/a>, 201L v\u00e0 316L) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf 0,030%. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 0,020%.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nit\u01a1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng pha Austenite, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi cacbua v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh pha th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenit ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenit hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a nit\u01a1. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 carbon th\u1ea5p (L), m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf nit\u01a1 (l\u00ean t\u1edbi 0,1%) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n do h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon th\u1ea5p. Nit\u01a1 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 clorua v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1edf, do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenit hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nit\u01a1 cao t\u1edbi 0,5%.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mn<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mangan \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed oxy th\u00e9p n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf mangan v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9. Mangan c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh pha Austenitic v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a tan nit\u01a1 trong th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9. V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 d\u00f2ng 200, mangan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n niken nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nit\u01a1, n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n. Mangan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u1ee7<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed axit, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p axit sunfuric v\u00e0 photphoric.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u0129<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, silicon l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i trong th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng oxy h\u00f3a cao. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, UNS S30600 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng silicon cao kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n r\u1ed7 cao. Silicon, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 mangan, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed oxy h\u00f3a th\u00e9p n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t oxit nh\u1ecf ch\u1ee9a silicon, mangan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u1eed oxy kh\u00e1c lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u00e9p. Nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nb v\u00e0 Ti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hai nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh cacbit m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. Cacbua niobi v\u00e0 cacbua titan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. 347<\/a> v\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 321 ch\u1ee9a Nb v\u00e0 Ti th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tinh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed oxy nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i trong th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S v\u00e0 P<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u1eeba t\u1ed1t v\u1eeba c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t gia c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t, t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t mangan sunfua, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n r\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3m. Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic cao c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 gia nhi\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, kho\u1ea3ng 0,001%. L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim cho th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenit hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng cao (0,005% ~ 0,017%), nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0n t\u1ef1 nung ch\u1ea3y, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ed1t pho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gia c\u00f4ng n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a r\u00e8n v\u00e0 c\u00e1n n\u00f3ng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i sau h\u00e0n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ee9t nhi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 l\u00fd, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p. Crom, molypden, niken v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng austenit v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eaft, cacbon v\u00e0 nit\u01a1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2210,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2248","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2248"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2251,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2248\/revisions\/2251"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2248"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}