{"id":2253,"date":"2021-08-11T05:57:12","date_gmt":"2021-08-11T05:57:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/?p=2253"},"modified":"2024-08-07T02:11:10","modified_gmt":"2024-08-07T02:11:10","slug":"stainless-steel-pipe-grades-for-oil-and-gas-field","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/pl\/stainless-steel-pipe-grades-for-oil-and-gas-field\/","title":{"rendered":"Klasy rur ze stali nierdzewnej do zastosowa\u0144 w przemy\u015ble naftowym i gazowym"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Og\u00f3lnie rzecz bior\u0105c, niekt\u00f3re stalowe stopowe rodzaje stali mog\u0105 spe\u0142nia\u0107 wymagania dotycz\u0105ce \u015brodowiska korozyjnego z zawarto\u015bci\u0105 H2S w oleju i gazie, ale w \u015brodowisku korozyjnym zawieraj\u0105cym CO2 lub H2S, CO2 i Cl \u2013 wsp\u00f3\u0142istnienie Martensitic Stainless Steel wymaga dwutlenku w\u0119gla lub stopu niklowo-chromowego. Wersja API 5CT z 1988 roku doda\u0142a klasy stali odpornych na korozj\u0119, okre\u015bli\u0142a klas\u0119 stali C75 z Martensitic Stainless Steel o stopach 9Cr i 13Cr.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Du\u017ca wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 <\/strong><strong>M<\/strong><strong>Rury ze stali nierdzewnej artensycznej do odwiert\u00f3w naftowych <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>W \u015brodowisku mokrym z CO2 jako g\u0142\u00f3wnym gazem cz\u0119sto wyst\u0119puje lokalne uszkodzenie rur wiertniczych oleju, takie jak korozja wg\u0142\u0119bna i intergranuliczna, itp. Je\u015bli obecno\u015b\u0107 Cl \u2013 jest du\u017ca, lokalne uszkodzenie b\u0119dzie si\u0119 nasila\u0107. Zasadniczo nale\u017cy uzna\u0107, \u017ce korozj\u0119 mo\u017cna zignorowa\u0107, gdy ci\u015bnienie dwutlenku w\u0119gla wynosi mniej ni\u017c 0,021 MPa, a korozja wyst\u0105pi, gdy ci\u015bnienie dwutlenku w\u0119gla osi\u0105gnie 0,021 MPa. Gdy pCO2 b\u0119dzie wy\u017csze ni\u017c 0,021 MPa, nale\u017cy podj\u0105\u0107 odpowiednie \u015brodki antykorozji. Zasadniczo nie wyst\u0119puje uszkodzenie spowodowane korozj\u0105 wg\u0142\u0119bn\u0105, gdy frakcja CO2 wynosi mniej ni\u017c 0,05 MPa.<\/p>\n<p>Dowiedziono, \u017ce efekt stosowania \u015brodka o przed\u0142u\u017conym uwalnianiu w celu zapobie\u017cenia korozji CO2 jest ograniczony, a efekt stosowania stali wysokow\u0119glikowej, takiej jak stal 9%-%Cr, jest lepszy. Od lat 70. XX wieku niekt\u00f3re studnie gazowe wykorzystuj\u0105 rury ze stali nierdzewnej 9Cr i 13Cr% w celu zapobie\u017cenia korozji CO2. Ameryka\u0144ski Instytut Naftowy (API) zaleca stosowanie rur ze stali nierdzewnej martensiticznych 9Cr i 13Cr (API L80-9Cr i L80-13Cr) do cel\u00f3w standardowego u\u017cytkowania. Stal 13Cr charakteryzuje si\u0119 lepsz\u0105 odporno\u015bci\u0105 na korozj\u0119 CO2, natomiast stal 9Cr-1Mo charakteryzuje si\u0119 lepsz\u0105 odporno\u015bci\u0105 na p\u0119kanie pod wp\u0142ywem stresu H2S. Zasadniczo \u017cadna ze stali nie jest odpowiednia w przypadku obecno\u015bci H2S w atmosferze CO2. Kiedy w studni naftowej obecny jest H2S, nale\u017cy jak najszybciej poprawi\u0107 odporno\u015b\u0107 SSCC ruroci\u0105gu studni naftowej oraz zastosowa\u0107 obr\u00f3bk\u0119 ciepln\u0105 typu quenching and tempering w celu uzyskania jednorodnej postaci martensytowej, a twardo\u015b\u0107 nale\u017cy jak najdalej kontrolowa\u0107 poni\u017cej HRC22.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Stopie\u0144 nierdzewnej stali wiertnicy naftowej<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"142\">Ocena<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">C<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">Mo<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">Cr<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">Ni<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">Cu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"142\">9Cr<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\u22640.15<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">0.9-1.1<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">8.0-10.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\u22640.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"142\">13Cr<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">0.15-0.22<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\/<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">12.0-14.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\u22640.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"142\">SUP9Cr<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\u22640.03<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">1.5-2.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">12.0-13.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">4.0-6.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"142\">SUP13Cr<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\u22640.03<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">1.5-2.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">14.0-16.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">5.0-7.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">0.5-1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Jednak\u017ce, stalowe rury API 13Cr znacznie zmniejszy\u0142y odporno\u015b\u0107 na CO2 i skr\u00f3ci\u0142y \u017cywotno\u015b\u0107 w przypadku osi\u0105gni\u0119cia przez odwiert temperatury 150\u00b0C lub wy\u017cszej. W celu poprawy odporno\u015bci na korozj\u0119 stalowych rur API 13Cr na CO2 i SSC (szkody spowodowane napr\u0119\u017ceniami sulfidowymi), opracowano stalowe rury SUP13Cr o niskiej zawarto\u015bci w\u0119gla z dodatkiem niklu i molibdenu. Stalowe rury te mog\u0105 by\u0107 stosowane w \u015brodowiskach mokrych o wysokiej temperaturze, wysokich st\u0119\u017ceniach CO2 oraz niewielkiej ilo\u015bci siarczanu siarkowego. Struktura tych rur to martensyt ze stopniem temperowania mniejszym ni\u017c 5%. Odporno\u015b\u0107 na korozj\u0119 w przypadku CO2 mo\u017cna poprawi\u0107 poprzez zmniejszenie zawarto\u015bci w\u0119gla lub dodanie Cr i Ni, a odporno\u015b\u0107 na korozj\u0119 w przypadku otworze\u0144 mo\u017ce zosta\u0107 zwi\u0119kszona poprzez dodanie Mo. W por\u00f3wnaniu z rur\u0105 stalow\u0105 API 13Cr, odporno\u015b\u0107 na korozj\u0119 w przypadku CO2 i SSC jest znacznie zwi\u0119kszona. Na przyk\u0142ad w tym samym \u015brodowisku korozyjnym szybko\u015b\u0107 korozji rury stalowej API 13Cr wynosi ponad 1 mm\/rok, podczas gdy szybko\u015b\u0107 korozji rury stalowej SUP13Cr wynosi 0,125 mm\/rok. Wraz z rozwojem g\u0142\u0119bokich i ultrag\u0142\u0119boko\u015bciowych odwiert\u00f3w temperatura w odwiertach ropy nadal ro\u015bnie. Je\u015bli temperatura w odwiertach ropy zostanie jeszcze podniesiona do ponad 180\u00b0C, odporno\u015b\u0107 na korozj\u0119 rury stalowej SUP13Cr zaczyna r\u00f3wnie\u017c spada\u0107, co uniemo\u017cliwia spe\u0142nienie wymaga\u0144 d\u0142ugotrwa\u0142ego u\u017cytkowania. Zgodnie z tradycyjnym zasad\u0105 wyboru materia\u0142u nale\u017cy wybra\u0107 stal nierdzewn\u0105 dwutlenkow\u0105 lub stop niklowo-chromowy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><strong>M<\/strong><strong>stopki ze stali nierdzewnej artensytowa<\/strong><strong>\u00a0rura do ruroci\u0105gu naftowego<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/energy-steel.com\/products\/steel-pipes\/line-pipe\/\">rura ruroci\u0105gowa<\/a> Przenoszenie korozyjnego oleju i gazu wymaga tego samego materia\u0142u odpornego na korozj\u0119 jak rura dla odwiert\u00f3w naftowych. Wcze\u015bniej rur\u0119 zwykle wlewali\u015bmy \u015brodkami o d\u0142ugim czasie uwalniania lub materia\u0142ami odpornymi na korozj\u0119, takimi jak stal nierdzewna dwufazowa. Pierwszy z tych materia\u0142\u00f3w jest niestabilny pod wzgl\u0119dem efektu antykorozyjnego w wysokich temperaturach i mo\u017ce powodowa\u0107 zanieczyszczenie \u015brodowiska. Chocia\u017c stal nierdzewna dwufazowa ma dobr\u0105 odporno\u015b\u0107 na korozj\u0119, koszt jest wysoki, a kontrola temperatury podczas spawania jest trudna. Do budowy placu budowy stosowano stal martnocz\u0105steczkow\u0105 11Cr dla \u015brodowiska CO2 oraz stal martnocz\u0105steczkow\u0105 12Cr dla \u015brodowiska CO2+ z dodatkiem H2S. Stosowano stal martnocz\u0105steczkow\u0105 11Cr w \u015brodowisku CO2 oraz stal martnocz\u0105steczkow\u0105 12Cr w \u015brodowisku CO2+ z dodatkiem H2S. Stal ta charakteryzuje si\u0119 dobr\u0105 spawalno\u015bci\u0105; bez przedgrzania i obr\u00f3bki cieplnej po spawaniu jej w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci mechaniczne s\u0105 por\u00f3wnywalne z klas\u0105 stali X80, a odporno\u015b\u0107 na korozj\u0119 jest lepsza ni\u017c w przypadku rury z op\u00f3\u017anionym uwalnianiem \u015brodka przeciwkorozyjnego lub stalowej rury dwufazowej o dodatku H2S.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Rury ze stali nierdzewnej do ruroci\u0105g\u00f3w<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">Ocena<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">C<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">Cr<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">Ni<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">Mo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">11Cr<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\u22640.03<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">11<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">1.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">12Cr<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\u22640.03<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">12<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">5.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">2.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Rury ze stali nierdzewnej dwutlenkowatej do przemys\u0142u naftowego<\/h3>\n<p>Stal nierdzewna typu martensitic SUP 15Cr nie spe\u0142nia wymaga\u0144 odporno\u015bci na korozj\u0119 w przypadku gdy temperatura w studni naftowej lub gazowej zawieraj\u0105cej CO2 przekracza 200\u00b0C, a konieczne jest zastosowanie stali dwutlenkowodorostabilnej o dobrych w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bciach odporno\u015bci na CO2 i korozyjne p\u0119kni\u0119cia wynikaj\u0105ce z napr\u0119\u017cenia (Cl). Obecnie <a href=\"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/materials\/duplex-stainless-steel\/alloy-2205-stainless-steel\/\">22Cr<\/a> a stal nierdzewna dwutlenek-wapniowy (Austenitic i Ferrite) nadaje si\u0119 do odwiert\u00f3w CO2 powy\u017cej 200\u00b0C, podczas gdy producenci dostosowuj\u0105 zawarto\u015b\u0107 Cr i Ni w celu dostosowania odporno\u015bci na korozj\u0119. Stal dwutlenek-wapniowy sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z fazy Austenitic i ferritu. Opr\u00f3cz Cr i Ni, mo\u017cna doda\u0107 Mo i N w celu poprawy odporno\u015bci na korozj\u0119. Opr\u00f3cz stali nierdzewnej dwutlenek-wapniowego charakteryzuje si\u0119 dobr\u0105 odporno\u015bci\u0105 na korozj\u0119 w wysokich temperaturach, w por\u00f3wnaniu ze stali nierdzewnej typu martensitowej, ma lepsz\u0105 odporno\u015b\u0107 na p\u0119kanie pod wp\u0142ywem stresu H2S w temperaturze pokojowej w testach NACE TM 0177-A w roztworze o st\u0119\u017ceniu 85%SMYS, w temperaturze 10kPa, w \u015brodowisku obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cym Martensitowa stal nierdzewna mo\u017ce przetestowa\u0107 jedynie ci\u015bnienie H2S w warunkach cz\u0119\u015bciowych 10kPa, stal nierdzewna dwutlenek-wapniowy 25Cr mo\u017ce przetestowa\u0107 ci\u015bnienie H2S w warunkach cz\u0119\u015bciowych 10kPa.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Og\u00f3lnie rzecz bior\u0105c, w \u015brodowiskach z obecno\u015bci\u0105 CO2 i H2S, lub gdy ci\u015bnienie H2S nie osi\u0105ga warto\u015bci krytycznej, ale Cl- jest bardzo wysokie, stal 13Cr (w tym stal super 13Cr) nie mo\u017ce spe\u0142nia\u0107 wymog\u00f3w, <a href=\"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/materials\/duplex-stainless-steel\/alloy-2205-stainless-steel\/\">22Cr<\/a> stal nierdzewna dwuwarstwowa (ASF 2205) lub superduplexowa stal nierdzewna 25Cr, nawet stal nierdzewna o wysokim stopniu niklu i krzemu oraz stopowe ze sk\u0142adnikiem Ni i Fe-Ni, takie jak G3, stop 825 zawieraj\u0105cy ponad 20% Cr, stop 30% Ni.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Generally speaking, some low alloy steels can meet the requirements for corrosive oil and gas environment containing H2S, but the corrosive environment containing CO2 or H2S, CO2, Cl &#8211; coexistence where the Martensitic stainless steel need, duplex stainless steel or even nickel-based alloy. The 1988 version of API 5CT added corrosion-resistant tubing steel grades, specified [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2227,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"he American Petroleum Institute (API) recommends 9Cr and 13Cr martensitic stainless steel tubes (API L80-9Cr and L80-13Cr) for standardized use. 13Cr steel has better resistance to CO2 corrosion, while 9Cr-1Mo steel has better resistance to H2S stress corrosion cracking.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"WLD Stainless\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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