{"id":2218,"date":"2021-07-29T08:28:31","date_gmt":"2021-07-29T08:28:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/?p=2218"},"modified":"2021-07-29T08:34:18","modified_gmt":"2021-07-29T08:34:18","slug":"why-is-duplex-stainless-steel-used-in-nuclear-power-plant-cooling-water-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/why-is-duplex-stainless-steel-used-in-nuclear-power-plant-cooling-water-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d se v syst\u00e9mech chladic\u00ed vody jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 duplexn\u00ed nerezov\u00e1 ocel?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jako \u010dist\u00fd zdroj energie je jadern\u00e1 energie hlavn\u00edm p\u0159isp\u011bvatelem ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed uhl\u00edku na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Potrubn\u00ed syst\u00e9m chladic\u00ed vody je kl\u00ed\u010dem k bezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu provozu jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z tis\u00edc\u016f stop trubek r\u016fzn\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f a velikost\u00ed. Poskytuje spolehlivou dod\u00e1vku vody pro chlazen\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u00e1vodu. Nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd potrubn\u00ed syst\u00e9m mus\u00ed poskytovat dostatek chladic\u00ed vody pro chlazen\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny, zat\u00edmco bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed syst\u00e9m mus\u00ed poskytovat dostatek chladic\u00ed vody, aby dostal reaktor pod kontrolu a bezpe\u010dn\u011b jej odstavil v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nouze.<\/p>\n

Tyto materi\u00e1ly potrub\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di korozi chladic\u00ed vody po celou dobu \u017eivotnosti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V z\u00e1vislosti na um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vodu se m\u016f\u017ee typ chladic\u00ed vody pohybovat od relativn\u011b \u010dist\u00e9 sladk\u00e9 vody a\u017e po kontaminovanou mo\u0159skou vodu. Zku\u0161enosti uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee jak syst\u00e9my st\u00e1rnou, m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k r\u016fzn\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm s koroz\u00ed a r\u016fzn\u00fdm stup\u0148\u016fm koroze, kter\u00e9 po\u0161kozuj\u00ed syst\u00e9m a br\u00e1n\u00ed mu v poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9 chladic\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9my s potrub\u00edm chladic\u00ed vody \u010dasto zahrnuj\u00ed materi\u00e1ly a jejich interakce s chladic\u00ed vodou. \u00danik ze zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (ucp\u00e1n\u00ed) a koroze syst\u00e9mu jsou nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my, v\u010detn\u011b hromad\u011bn\u00ed sedimentu, biologick\u00e9ho uchycen\u00ed na mo\u0159i (biologick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed), hromad\u011bn\u00ed produkt\u016f koroze a zablokov\u00e1n\u00ed ciz\u00edch l\u00e1tek. \u00danik je obvykle zp\u016fsoben mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed koroz\u00ed (MIC), co\u017e je velmi korozivn\u00ed koroze zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fdmi mikroorganismy ve vod\u011b. Tato forma koroze se \u010dasto vyskytuje u uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 oceli a n\u00edzkolegovan\u00e9 nerezov\u00e9 oceli.<\/p>\n

Nerezov\u00e1 ocel byla dlouho pova\u017eov\u00e1na za sch\u016fdnou mo\u017enost pro stavbu nov\u00fdch vodovodn\u00edch potrubn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f a pro opravu nebo v\u00fdm\u011bnu st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f z uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 oceli. Nerezov\u00e1 ocel b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v \u0159e\u0161en\u00edch upgradu potrub\u00ed je nerezov\u00e1 ocel 304L, 316L nebo 6%-Mo. Nerezov\u00e1 ocel 316L a 6% Mo s velk\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly ve v\u00fdkonu a cen\u011b. Pokud je chladic\u00edm m\u00e9diem neupraven\u00e1 voda, kter\u00e1 je vysoce korozivn\u00ed a nese riziko mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed koroze, 304L a 316L nejsou vhodnou volbou. V d\u016fsledku toho musely jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny p\u0159ej\u00edt na nerezovou ocel 6%-Mo nebo se sm\u00ed\u0159it s vysok\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady na \u00fadr\u017ebu syst\u00e9m\u016f z uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 oceli. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vlo\u017ekov\u00e9 trubky z uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 oceli kv\u016fli ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016fm. Podle ASTM A240 jsou potrubn\u00ed syst\u00e9my pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho vodovodu \u010dasto vyrobeny z nerezov\u00e9 oceli n\u00ed\u017ee:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Zn\u00e1mky<\/td>\nUNS<\/td>\nC<\/td>\nN<\/td>\nCr<\/td>\nNi<\/td>\nMo<\/td>\nCu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
304 l<\/a><\/td>\nS30403<\/td>\n0.03<\/td>\n\/<\/td>\n18.0-20.0<\/td>\n8.0-12.0<\/td>\n\/<\/td>\n\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
316L<\/a><\/td>\nS31603<\/td>\n0.03<\/td>\n\/<\/td>\n16.0-18.0<\/td>\n10.0-14.0<\/td>\n2.0-3.0<\/td>\n\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6%Mo<\/td>\nN08367<\/td>\n0.03<\/td>\n0.18-0.25<\/td>\n20.0-22.0<\/td>\n23.0-25.0<\/td>\n6.0-7.0<\/td>\n0.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2205<\/a><\/td>\nS32205<\/td>\n0.03<\/td>\n0.14-0.2<\/td>\n22.0-23.0<\/td>\n4.5-6.5<\/td>\n3.0-3.5<\/td>\n\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Duplexn\u00ed nerezov\u00e1 ocel 2205 se uk\u00e1zala jako vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed volba. Jadern\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna Catawba spole\u010dnosti Duke Power v Ji\u017en\u00ed Karol\u00edn\u011b je prvn\u00ed jadernou elektr\u00e1rnou, kter\u00e1 ve sv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dvouf\u00e1zovou nerezovou ocel 2205 (UNS S32205). Tato t\u0159\u00edda obsahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3,2% molybden a m\u00e1 zlep\u0161enou odolnost proti korozi a v\u00fdrazn\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed odolnost proti mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed korozi ne\u017e nerezov\u00e9 oceli 304L a 316L.<\/p>\n

Vlo\u017ekov\u00e9 potrub\u00ed z uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 oceli na nadzemn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti potrubn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho nap\u00e1jec\u00ed vodu do chladic\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee hlavn\u00edho kondenz\u00e1toru bylo nahrazeno duplexn\u00edm nerezov\u00fdm potrub\u00edm 2205.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 n\u00e1hrada 2205<\/a> duplexn\u00ed nerezov\u00e1 trubka byla instalov\u00e1na v roce 2002. Potrub\u00ed je dlouh\u00e9 60 metr\u016f, m\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011br 76,2 cm a 91,4 cm, tlou\u0161\u0165ka st\u011bny trubky je 0,95 cm. Syst\u00e9m specifikovan\u00fd v souladu s ASME B31.1 Power pipeping, co\u017e je jeden z \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edch k\u00f3d\u016f pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed potrubn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f elektr\u00e1ren a je \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n ve sv\u011bt\u011b. Po 500 dnech provozu byl syst\u00e9m d\u016fkladn\u011b zkontrolov\u00e1n. P\u0159i kontrole nebylo zji\u0161t\u011bno \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 okuje ani koroze. Duplexn\u00ed nerezov\u00e1 ocel 2205 si vedla velmi dob\u0159e. Potrub\u00ed z nerezov\u00e9 oceli 2205 funguje dob\u0159e ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let od sv\u00e9 instalace. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00e9to zku\u0161enosti Duke Power pou\u017eil 2205 duplexn\u00ed trubky z nerezov\u00e9 oceli<\/a> v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech jeho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st potrub\u00ed 2205 po 500 dnech pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Projektanti vodn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren maj\u00ed nyn\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b jednu mo\u017enost, pokud jde o v\u00fdb\u011br potrubn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f pro chladic\u00ed vodu odolnou proti korozi. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 aplikace duplexn\u00ed nerezov\u00e9 oceli 2205 m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit n\u00e1klady na \u00fadr\u017ebu, zkr\u00e1tit prostoje a zajistit bezpe\u010dnost provozu jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jako \u010dist\u00fd zdroj energie je jadern\u00e1 energie hlavn\u00edm p\u0159isp\u011bvatelem ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed uhl\u00edku na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Potrubn\u00ed syst\u00e9m chladic\u00ed vody je kl\u00ed\u010dem k bezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu provozu jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z tis\u00edc\u016f stop trubek r\u016fzn\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f a velikost\u00ed. Poskytuje spolehliv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edvod vody pro chlazen\u00ed [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2224,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-activities"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2218","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2218"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2218\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2225,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2218\/revisions\/2225"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2218"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2218"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wldstainless.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2218"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}